Overview
Pancreatic cysts are abnormal, sac-like pockets of fluid on or within your pancreas. Though it may be alarming to learn you have a pancreatic cyst, the good news is that most pancreatic cysts aren't cancerous — and many don't even cause symptoms.
In fact, many pancreatic cysts aren't technically cysts at all. Called pseudocysts, these pockets of fluids aren't lined with the type of cells found in true cysts. Instead, a pseudocyst's walls may include cells normally found in other organs, such as the stomach, intestines and the pancreas itself. Pseudocysts are never cancerous.
Your doctor may want to take a sample of the pancreatic cyst fluid to determine whether it's malignant or benign. If your cyst is or can become cancerous, treatment involves surgical removal.
Symptoms
You may have pancreatic cysts, including pseudocysts, but experience no symptoms. When signs or symptoms do occur, they typically include:
- Persistent abdominal pain, which may radiate to your back
- A mass you can feel in your upper abdomen, where your pancreas is located
- Nausea and vomiting
- Fainting
- Severe abdominal pain
- Decreased consciousness
- Rapid heartbeat
Causes
In many cases, the cause of a particular pancreatic cyst is unknown. Some cysts are associated with rare illnesses — such as von Hippel-Lindau disease, which is a genetic disorder that can affect the brain, retina, adrenal glands, kidneys and pancreas.
Pseudocysts often follow a bout of pancreatitis, a painful condition in which the pancreas's digestive enzymes become prematurely active and digest some of the pancreas itself. Pseudocysts can also result from blunt trauma to the abdomen, such as during a car accident.
Treatments and drugs
Treatment differs depending on the type of cyst and whether it causes symptoms. Sometimes, no treatment is necessary.
A benign pseudocyst — even a large one — can be left alone as long as it isn't causing you worrisome symptoms or enlarging. A pseudocyst that is causing bothersome symptoms or growing larger may be drained with a needle or surgically removed, often with the use of an endoscope.
Because a serous cystadenoma so rarely evolves into cancer, it also can be left alone unless it causes symptoms or enlarges. Your doctor may want to follow its size over time by checking repeat scans, especially if a precancerous cyst can't be ruled out.
Surgery
Treatment for most other types of lesions in the pancreas is surgical removal, because of the risk of cancer. Surgery is very effective, with little chance of recurrence. However, a pseudocyst that is removed may recur if you have ongoing pancreatitis.
Prevention
The best way to avoid pseudocysts is to avoid pancreatitis, which is usually caused by gallstones or heavy use of alcohol. If your pancreatitis is due to alcohol abuse, you need to abstain from alcohol. If gallstones are triggering pancreatitis, you may need to have your gallbladder removed.
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